auction

Predict, value, and bid on one impression in roughly 10ms, billions of times a day. The signal is the pCTR-to-bid pipeline under a tight latency budget, plus why calibration and budget pacing decide whether you make or lose money.

When a page loads, an ad slot goes to auction across dozens of bidders and a winner is picked before the page finishes rendering, all in under 100ms. The design covers the auction mechanism, the brutal latency budget, budget pacing, and fraud. Here is how an exchange runs millions of auctions per second.

This model's output is a price input, not a ranking. A miscalibrated CTR skews the auction bid, so you overpay or underdeliver. Throw in conversions that arrive days after the click and advertisers with no history, and calibration plus delayed feedback become the entire interview.