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Find the length of the shortest transformation sequence from one word to another (Word Ladder).

Treat each word as a node and one-letter edits as edges: the shortest ladder becomes a shortest path in an unweighted graph, which means BFS. The detail that decides pass or fail is producing neighbors in O(26 * L) without scanning the entire dictionary. Here is the pattern.

Updated Sep 2026 · Grounded in real GenAI, LLM, and AI/ML engineering interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

Treat each word as a node and one-letter edits as edges: the shortest ladder becomes a shortest path in an unweighted graph, which means BFS. The detail that decides pass or fail is producing neighbors in O(26 * L) without scanning the entire dictionary. Here is the pattern.

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