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What is model sharding, and how do tensor and pipeline parallelism split a model across GPUs?

When a model is too large for one GPU you split the model itself, not just the data. The signal is telling tensor parallelism (split within a layer) apart from pipeline parallelism (split across layers) and matching each to the interconnect. Here is the answer.

Updated Sep 2026 · Grounded in real GenAI, LLM, and AI/ML engineering interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

When a model is too large for one GPU you split the model itself, not just the data. The signal is telling tensor parallelism (split within a layer) apart from pipeline parallelism (split across layers) and matching each to the interconnect. Here is the answer.

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