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Implement Layer Normalization (and RMSNorm) from scratch.

LayerNorm appears in every transformer, and coding it verifies you know what it normalizes over and why. Interviewers look for normalization across the feature dimension per token, the learnable scale and shift, and the RMSNorm simplification modern LLMs took up.

Updated Sep 2026 · Grounded in real GenAI, LLM, and AI/ML engineering interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

LayerNorm appears in every transformer, and coding it verifies you know what it normalizes over and why. Interviewers look for normalization across the feature dimension per token, the learnable scale and shift, and the RMSNorm simplification modern LLMs took up.

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Next in this trackImplement attention with a KV cache for autoregressive generation.Next in this trackImplement binary search and its variants (first/last occurrence, search in rotated array).Next in this trackExplain backtracking and use it to generate all permutations / subsets / combinations.
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