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What is a Hidden Markov Model, and what does the Viterbi algorithm do?

HMMs are the classic probabilistic sequence model behind speech and tagging, and Viterbi is how you decode them. What matters is the hidden-states plus transitions/emissions structure, and that Viterbi is dynamic programming for the single best state path, not a probability.

Updated Sep 2026 · Grounded in real GenAI, LLM, and AI/ML engineering interview loops and written to a senior-engineer editorial bar.

HMMs are the classic probabilistic sequence model behind speech and tagging, and Viterbi is how you decode them. What matters is the hidden-states plus transitions/emissions structure, and that Viterbi is dynamic programming for the single best state path, not a probability.

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